ABSTRACT
Background: As the COVID era unfolds, researchers reveal that rapid changes in viral genetic material allow viruses to circumvent challenges triggered by the host immune system and resist anti-viral drugs, potentially leading to persistent viral manifestations in host cells. Molnupiravir (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor) is a novel anti-viral medicine promising a vital role in coming setbacks.Objectives: This review aims to clarify the safety and efficacy of the molnupiravir molecule in light of existing case studies. As a result, it is intended to explore and discuss the molecular structure, mechanism of action, discovery and development process, preclinical research, clinical investigations, and other subtopics.Methods: A total of 75 publications were searched using multiple engines, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and others, with a constraint applied to exclude publications published over 11 years ago. Molnupiravir, safety, efficacy, COVID- 19, RdRp, PK-PD, and clinical study were utilized as keywords.Results: Clinical results on molnupiravir are supported by investigations that were recently disclosed in a study on both sex volunteers (male and female) with an age restriction of 19 to 60 years, followed by a Phase-3 Clinical Trial (NCT04575584) with 775 randomly assigned participants and no fatalities reported due to treatment.Conclusion: Molnupiravir proved a high level of safety, allowing it to be tested further. This review supports the safety and efficacy of this molecule based on the established evidence, which claims the most anticipated employment of molnupiravir in COVID protocol.
ABSTRACT
Obesity is a term that has recently been referred to describe a condition in which a person has become a diseased vessel. Obesity's internal pathology is too mysterious as it has a close resemblance with fatal diseases pathology. Obesity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are simultaneous epidemics declared by many organizations after observing their rampage in the recent world. Oxidative stress, cytokine storm, interleukin, and their contribution to the internal adipocyte environment implicated in the cascades of inflammatory pathology are portrayed here. Major determinants like angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) axis are highly sensitive molecular factors. Data from various countries suggested a clinical overview of how greater body mass index (BMI) is related to greater COVID-19 risk. It also gives insight into how obese individuals are obligately getting admitted and combating COVID-19 in intensive care unit including children less than 13 years of age under ultimate therapeutic options. There are numerous studies currently taking place for finding a cure for obesity which are mainly focused on natural resources and novel therapies like photobiomodulation (PBM) consisting of laser treatment, infrared treatment, etc. as current pharmacological treatments are reported to have fatal adverse effects. Finally, it is discussed how attenuating obesity will be a solution for future combat strategy. This review gives light on the areas of coagulation, inflammatory parameters, cardiometabolic complications, endothelial dysfunctions, immunological infirmity due to COVID-19 in obese individuals. A conceptual outline about correlation between the inflammatory pathophysiological steps triggering the aggravation of fatal consequences has been drawn in this review.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Child , Humans , Obesity , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/pharmacology , Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Obesity is a term that has recently been referred to describe a condition in which a person has become a diseased vessel. Obesity’s internal pathology is too mysterious as it has a close resemblance with fatal diseases pathology. Obesity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are simultaneous epidemics declared by many organizations after observing their rampage in the recent world. Oxidative stress, cytokine storm, interleukin, and their contribution to the internal adipocyte environment implicated in the cascades of inflammatory pathology are portrayed here. Major determinants like angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) axis are highly sensitive molecular factors. Data from various countries suggested a clinical overview of how greater body mass index (BMI) is related to greater COVID-19 risk. It also gives insight into how obese individuals are obligately getting admitted and combating COVID-19 in intensive care unit including children less than 13 years of age under ultimate therapeutic options. There are numerous studies currently taking place for finding a cure for obesity which are mainly focused on natural resources and novel therapies like photobiomodulation (PBM) consisting of laser treatment, infrared treatment, etc. as current pharmacological treatments are reported to have fatal adverse effects. Finally, it is discussed how attenuating obesity will be a solution for future combat strategy. This review gives light on the areas of coagulation, inflammatory parameters, cardiometabolic complications, endothelial dysfunctions, immunological infirmity due to COVID-19 in obese individuals. A conceptual outline about correlation between the inflammatory pathophysiological steps triggering the aggravation of fatal consequences has been drawn in this review. Graphical